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HIV and AIDS are both major public health issues in many countries around the world, and it’s really important to keep track of how the epidemic is spreading and how effective interventions are. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 3.3.1) and the 2021 United Nations Political Declaration set targets to lower new HIV infections. The number of new HIV cases per 1,000 uninfected people shows how much the virus is being transmitted in a population. There are several ways to measure the HIV infection rate based on the epidemic setting. Even though measuring incidence directly at the population level is better, it is often difficult to obtain. Due to this limitation, most countries use indirect methods or a combination of both direct and indirect data to measure the incidence rate.
While there has been a gradual decline in Mizoram’s HIV infection rate, it consistently recorded the highest HIV infection rate over this period of seven years, with rates ranging from 1.62 per 1,000 uninfected population in 2015 to 1.31 in 2021. Following Mizoram, Nagaland consistently showed the second-highest infection rates, decreasing from 0.72 in 2015 to 0.51 in 2021. Overall, the national trend gradually improved, with India’s overall infection rate decreasing from 0.06 per 1,000 uninfected population in 2015 to 0.05 in 2021. This decline, while modest, suggests that nationwide HIV prevention programs have had some positive impact. However, the persistence of even these lower rates indicates that HIV remains a significant public health concern requiring continued attention. A notable gender disparity existed across most of the Indian states during this period, as male infection rates typically remained higher than female rates. This pattern is particularly pronounced in states like Haryana, where male rates (0.14) were consistently almost double the female rates (0.08) throughout most of the period, which suggests a need for gender-specific intervention strategies in HIV prevention programs. Some states have shown remarkable progress in reducing their HIV infection rates. Punjab, for instance, saw a significant decline from 0.14 in 2015 to 0.05 in 2021, representing one of the most substantial improvements in the country. Similarly, Gujarat reduced its rate from 0.07 to 0.04 over the same period. Conversely, some states showed concerning upward trends. Tripura’s infection rate increased from 0.06 in 2015 to 0.13 in 2021, and Meghalaya’s rate rose from 0.24 to 0.37, indicating areas where HIV prevention efforts may need strengthening. These increasing trends in specific regions highlight the importance of targeted interventions and resource allocation to address emerging hotspots of HIV transmission. Kerala consistently maintained one of the lowest infection rates (0.01-0.02) throughout the period, reflecting the state’s robust healthcare system and effective public health initiatives. It is also evident that union territories like Puducherry and Delhi maintained relatively stable, though higher than average, infection rates throughout the period. This comprehensive insight on HIV infection rates across India underscores the need for continued vigilance and targeted interventions, particularly in high-prevalence regions, while also highlighting successful prevention models that could be adapted and implemented in areas showing increasing trends.
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