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The Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) is a crucial health indicator that reflects the number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births, providing insight into the quality of healthcare and support for pregnant women and new mothers. Maternal deaths are defined as deaths occurring during pregnancy, childbirth, or within 42 days postpartum due to causes related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management. MMR varies significantly across regions, influenced by socioeconomic factors, healthcare infrastructure, and access to essential medical services. The ratio remains high in low-income countries, as access to skilled healthcare, emergency obstetric care, and preventive measures, such as family planning and prenatal visits, may be limited. Conversely, countries with advanced healthcare systems generally see lower MMR, as timely and effective interventions are more accessible. Reducing MMR requires comprehensive strategies, including improved healthcare services, education, and socioeconomic support, to ensure the safety and well-being of mothers and infants worldwide.
India’s MMR at the national level declined significantly from 327 deaths per 100,000 live births in 1999-01 to 97 in 2018-20 – a reduction of approximately 70%. This substantial improvement reflects the success of various healthcare initiatives and policies implemented over these two decades. States like Kerala consistently maintained the lowest MMR (149 deaths to 19 deaths per 100,000 live births from 1999-01 to 2018-20) in the country during the above-mentioned time frame. Maharashtra also showed exemplary progress and reduced its MMR from 169 to 33, demonstrating the effectiveness of its healthcare systems. However, significant regional disparities persist. States like Assam (195) and Madhya Pradesh (173) continuously reported high MMRs despite showing improvement over the years. Among the newly emerged states (such as Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Uttarakhand, and Telangana) Telangana has shown promising results. This state achieved an MMR of 43 by 2018-20. Some of the most dramatic improvements can be seen in states that historically had very high MMRs. Rajasthan, for instance, showed remarkable progress, reducing its ratio from 501 to 113, while Uttar Pradesh, which had the highest MMR of 539 in 1999-01, brought it down to 167. These improvements suggest the successful implementation of maternal health programs in traditionally high-burden states. Despite the overall positive trend, the rate of improvement remained uneven across states. While southern states like Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka consistently performed better, some northern and eastern states continue to face challenges in reducing maternal mortality. This geographic disparity points to the need for targeted interventions in specific regions, considering local healthcare infrastructure, socio-economic conditions, and cultural factors affecting maternal health.
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