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The sex ratio at birth (SRB) refers to the number of male births for every 100 female births. Typically, biological factors lead to a slightly higher number of males being born than females. However, the overall sex ratio in a population, which encompasses all age groups, tends to even out over time as females generally have a higher life expectancy than males, meaning women tend to outnumber men in older age groups.
The sex ratio can be represented by the following formula:
Sex Ratio=(Number of females/ Number of males)×1000
This ratio gives a snapshot of the balance between the two sexes in a population, allowing for comparisons over time and across regions. A sex ratio of 1000 indicates an equal number of males and females, while a ratio higher than 1000 suggests more females and a ratio lower than 1000 indicates more males.
India’s overall sex ratio was 946 in 1951 and dropped to its lowest point of 927 in 1991. After that, in 2011, it gradually improved to 943. This trend suggests that while gender imbalance has been a persistent issue in India, there have been some improvements in recent years. There was a significant variation in sex ratios across different states and union territories. Some states consistently maintained a more balanced ratio, while others struggled with severe imbalances. Kerala stood out as a state with the most favourable sex ratio, as they maintained the ratio consistently above 1000 throughout the period. In 2011, the sex ratio of Kerala reached to 1084. This indicates a better status for women in Kerala compared to other parts of India. In contrast, some northern states like Haryana, Punjab, and Uttar Pradesh recorded consistently low sex ratios, often below 900. Interestingly, some union territories like Daman & Diu and Dadra & Nagar Haveli showed dramatic shifts in their sex ratios over time. Daman & Diu, for instance, went from having one of the highest ratios of 1125 in 1951 to one of the lowest at 618 in 2011. Several northeastern states like Manipur, Meghalaya, and Mizoram maintained relatively balanced sex ratios, often above 950. It’s noteworthy that many states showed an improvement in the sex ratio from 2001 to 2011, suggesting that efforts to address gender imbalance may be having some positive effects. However, the persistence of low ratios in many large states indicates significant challenges in achieving gender equality across India.
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