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The Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) is a statistical measure used to assess the number of students enrolled at a particular level of education, regardless of age, compared to the total population eligible for that level of education. It is expressed as a percentage and is calculated by dividing the number of students enrolled in a given level (e.g., primary, secondary, or tertiary education) by the population of the official age group for that level, then multiplying by 100.
GER can exceed 100% if students older or younger than the official age range are enrolled, reflecting the inclusivity of the education system in accommodating non-traditional students. While GER provides insight into the overall access to education, it does not account for the efficiency or quality of education, which may require complementary indicators such as the Net Enrolment Ratio (NER) to evaluate age-appropriate enrolment and retention.
As per the UDISE+ latest report on the Gross Enrolment Ratio across Indian states/UTs, the national GER at the primary level (grades 1-5) was 103.4%, which indicates universal enrollment with some over-age and under-age students. Notably, northeastern states showed remarkably high primary enrollment ratios, with Meghalaya leading at 187.7%, Mizoram at 158.9% and Manipur at 143.4%. This suggests solid educational participation in these regions, even though the rates above 100% indicate grade repetition or age variations in enrollment. At the upper primary level (grades 6-8), the national GER declined to 94.7%, highlighting some dropout concerns between primary and upper primary levels. Delhi recorded the highest upper primary GER at 130%, while states like Ladakh (66.1%) and Jammu & Kashmir (65.6%) showed considerably lower enrollment ratios. At the elementary level (grades 1-8 combined), the national GER was 100.1%, suggesting near-universal enrollment. However, a dramatic decline was observed at the secondary level (grades 9-10), in which the national GER dropped to 79.6%. This significant drop indicates substantial challenges in retention as students progress to higher grades. The decline was even more pronounced at the higher secondary level (57.6%). The Gender analysis of GER reveals interesting patterns. Girls generally showed higher enrollment ratios than boys in many states, particularly at the primary level, in which the national GER for girls (104.8%) exceeded that of boys (102.1%). This trend suggests the successful implementation of girls’ education initiatives. However, some states still reported gender disparities, particularly in higher education. Geographically, there’s a notable disparity between states. While northeastern states generally recorded high enrollment ratios at elementary levels, states like Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, and several union territories showed lower enrollment ratios across all levels. Urban regions like Delhi and Chandigarh consistently maintained higher enrollment ratios across all educational levels than many other states. The most concerning trend is the progressive decline in enrollment ratios from primary to higher secondary levels. States like Bihar showed a dramatic drop from 102.5% at primary to just 35.9% at higher secondary, highlighting significant challenges in retention and progression through the education system. This pattern suggests the need for focused interventions to improve transition rates and reduce dropouts at higher levels of education.
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