Internet shutdowns refer to intentional disruptions of internet or electronic communications, rendering them inaccessible or effectively unusable for a specific population or within a location. These shutdowns typically occur when government authorities order service providers to completely disconnect internet services, limit access to specific platforms (such as social media), or dramatically slow down connection speeds to render services unusable. Shutdowns are classified as “preventive” when implemented in anticipation of potential unrest or security concerns, and “reactive” when imposed as a response to ongoing situations like protests or violence.