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Data Intelligence Report
India’s Environment:
Forests, Climate & Water
State-wise forest and tree cover, afforestation, rainfall, heat and cold waves, groundwater extraction, disaster-relief spending and SDG scores, brought together from official Government of India statistics.
Sources: FSI, IMD, CGWB, RBI, NITI Aayog via MoSPI EnviStats
Forest cover, 2023
–
square kilometres, all India
Tree cover outside forests, 2023
–
square kilometres, all India
Groundwater extraction, 2024
–
of annual extractable resource
Disaster relief spending, 2024-25 (BE)
–
₹ crore, all States & UTs
SDG India Index, 2023
–
composite score out of 100
State Profile
Latest figures for one State or UT across every theme
Sharp breaks in the State series reflect boundary changes: Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Uttarakhand were carved out in 2000 (visible from 1997), Telangana in 2014 (from 2013), and Ladakh is reported separately from 2021.
Forests & GreeningIndia State of Forest Report · EnviStats
National Forest & Tree Cover, 1987–2023
Forest cover (left axis) and tree cover outside forests (right axis), km²
◆ = 2013, 2021 and 2023 figures are published without a normalisation factor, so steps at those points are partly methodological.
Area Afforested Each Year
All India, thousand hectares, under different schemes
Who Gained and Lost Forest, 2015–2023
Change in forest cover, km² — 10 largest gains and all States with losses
Jammu & Kashmir is compared with Ladakh added back in for 2023; Dadra & Nagar Haveli with Daman & Diu added in for 2015.
Leading States in Afforestation
Cumulative area afforested, 2004-05 to 2021-22, thousand hectares
Sums cover the years a State reported; several States have gaps marked “not available”, so their totals are understated.
Climate ExtremesIndia Meteorological Department · EnviStats
Heat-Wave Days by State, 2012–2024
Average number of days per year · States sorted by 13-year total
Heat vs Cold Waves Over Time
Average days per reporting State
Heat-wave data cover 19 States and cold-wave data 23 States.
Annual Rainfall
Millimetres per year, with the 2000–2024 average
Drier Regions Have Less Reliable Rain
Average annual rainfall vs year-to-year variability for 36 meteorological sub-divisions, 2000–2024
Variability = coefficient of variation (standard deviation ÷ mean). The highlighted point is the sub-division selected above.
GroundwaterCentral Ground Water Board · Dynamic Ground Water Resources
Stage of Groundwater Extraction
Extraction as % of annual extractable resource · dashed line = 100%
CGWB categories: ■ Safe ≤70% · ■ Semi-critical 70–90% · ■ Critical 90–100% · ■ Over-exploited >100%. West Bengal 2017 and 2020 use the 2013 assessment; in 2024 Daman & Diu is included with Dadra & Nagar Haveli.
National Water Balance
Billion cubic metres (bars) and stage of extraction (line)
States by Category
Number of States and UTs in each CGWB category
Disaster Relief & Sustainable DevelopmentRBI State Finances · NITI Aayog
Spending on Natural-Calamity Relief
All States & UTs, ₹ crore per year
Lighter bars: 2023-24 revised estimate (RE) and 2024-25 budget estimate (BE); the rest are actuals.
Largest Relief Spenders
Cumulative actual spending, 2011-12 to 2022-23, ₹ crore
A few State-years show negative figures in the source (accounting adjustments); they are kept as reported.
SDG India Index: 2023 vs 2018
Bars = 2023 composite score · ◆ = 2018 score · sorted by 2023
Daman & Diu has no 2023 score and is not shown; Ladakh has no 2018 score.
State Comparison Table
Latest value for each indicator · click a heading to sort · search by name
Forest Δ = % change in forest cover 2015→2023. Groundwater stage is coloured by CGWB category. n/a = not available or not reported for that State.
Key Findings
More forest overall, less in the North-East
National forest cover grew 11.6% from 1987 to 2023, to 7,15,343 km². But six north-eastern States (Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Nagaland, Manipur, Tripura and Meghalaya) together lost 3,814 km² between 2015 and 2023.
Punjab, Rajasthan and Haryana are drawing down
In 2024 Punjab extracted 157% of its annual extractable groundwater, Rajasthan 150% and Haryana 136%. Five States/UTs are over-exploited, even though the national figure is a moderate 60.5%.
Heat waves up, cold waves down
Reporting States averaged 10.5 heat-wave days in 2024, close to the 2012 high of 10.6, with Punjab and Uttarakhand at 22 days each. Cold-wave days fell from 6.2 in 2012 to 1.7 in 2024.
Relief bills have risen four-fold
State spending on natural-calamity relief rose from ₹13,692 crore in 2011-12 to a peak of ₹60,136 crore in 2020-21. Maharashtra alone accounts for ₹68,686 crore, about a fifth of all actual spending from 2011-12 to 2022-23.
Sources: India State of Forest Report (Forest Survey of India, MoEFCC); EnviStats India 2024 and 2025 (MoSPI); Annual Climate Summary (IMD, Pune); State Finances: A Study of Budgets (RBI); SDG India Index (NITI Aayog); National Compilation on Dynamic Ground Water Resources of India (CGWB, Ministry of Jal Shakti). Notes: Forest cover = land with tree canopy density above 10% over at least one hectare; tree cover = tree patches outside recorded forest smaller than one hectare. Jammu & Kashmir includes Ladakh except where Ladakh is shown separately. Dashboard by 360 Analytika.
